Calatogram project For this project we made a calatogram, but instead of using animals we used hardware. We made a slide show then wrote the story below describing how the pice of hardware got to be there. We tryed to incorporate evolutionary processes into the story to make is more science and a better presentation.
Cladogram Story
This is the story of evolution of the teeth in fabrica domain. In the angustus kingdom, our story starts with Angustus Album, a plastic white tooth. It later speciated into Manibus Aurantiaco thru Allopatric Speciation. Some animals migrated into an area where there were orange grasses. The white was to bright and was more noticeable when the animals would feed in the grasses. It then separated, thu sympatric speciation, into a grey plastic (Angustus Griseo), because some the animals would start to feed later at night.
The plastic wasn't hard enough for some animals who had migrated to a new land. They needed to eat meat and harder types of plants. They needed rounded metal teeth. However, all of them adapted in different ways according to their individual environment (Geographic isolation). Some of the teeth had a hollowed inside to help scoop up water (Rotundum Cavas). Others had hexagonal shapes to help grind up food (Sexangulae Iusto). There were also locking teeth so they locked into organisms better and didn't let them fall out (Sexangulae Proteci). Some animals developed a dome in order to scoop up water (Sexangulae Densis). One specie developed a flat tooth in in order to impress possible mates (Behavioral Isolation). A open ring shaped tooth was developed in certain areas by chance (Rotundum Parentibus). Some teeth had wings so that there could be more space between the teeth (Rotundum Alas). In general, a circular disk with a hollow center was the preferred tooth for the area, due to its effectiveness in fighting (Rotundum Diametro, Rotundum Idem) Another form had rubber so the animals could get a better grip on there food.
Things were going well for the animals that had these teeth. However, a disastrous event occurred in one continent where the animals were living. There was a major drought causing much of the plant like causing them to eat more animals . Now, it was necessary to have a sharp point in order to spear their food. There were also arched teeth that were formed to enable the animal to have 2 layers of teeth in the mouth (Brevis Arcuatum). Next there were ones with uneven tips to give the animal the possibility to eat a greater variety of food. (Brevis Inaequale). More species developed of which here are some examples (Motion towards screen. Scroll thru the next 4 slides) here were also ones that had smaller heads to maximize space to have a greater number of teeth. Metallic gray helped camouflage during the night, there were also long and thin teeth based on the kind of food they were eating.
Lastly there was a group that developed groves in their teeth. There animals that had hooks that helped them grab their food. There were also ones that were attached to the animal by a flat groove, square groove, and star groove (Caput- Ductus, Quadratum, Stella). These magnum were also fatter, shorter, and therefore more durable teeth. Also, The stricta had tight grooves for grinding up soft food. Uneven tips in the impar helped with keeping variety in the mouth. Lastly tersus invented the toothbrush making some of the teeth smell cleaner than the others.`
species timeline project
For this project me and a partner created a slide show showing the evolutionary process of a penguin. For this project we needed to start with finding at least 6 relatives or passed ancestors of the animal. Next we needed to figure out what kinda environment the animals lived in and how that could have effects on it. Lastly we had to describe how the animals changed to better fit there environment.
PRC Lab Report Alu repeats
Wilson Perry 09.26.2017 STEM Bio
INTRODUCTION The objective of this lab was to look at our Alu repeats in order to see if the members of are class are still evolving. We are doing this to understand and study DNA and evolution. We also wanted to have experience with taking DNA and looking at it in gels and to understand what are results mean. HYPOTHESIS I hypothesis that the DNA of are class mates will be similar, but not the same because I think that we are still evolving. I think the DNA of are class will be different and have variations which will prove that we are evolving. MATERIALS http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf PROCEDURE http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf DATA Classmates + - 1
-/- 2 + - 3 4
-/- Analysis The result of this project was to tell if are classmates had alu repeats and to see if our class was still evolving. We wanted to see if our classmates had alu repeats. If there is a +/+ it means they have 2 alu repeats. The members of are class mostly had no alu repeats, or only one. None of the members of are class had +/+ meaning no one had 2 repeats. One of our classmates had +/- meaning that they had one alu repeat bet not two. Lastly the majority of are class had -/- meaning that ¾ of the people tested had no alu repeats. The gels are set up like a table with a negative and a positive. If you have negative or positive alu repeats it will show up in a orange color when shown under black light. My hypothesis was correct based by the people tested. It was correct because not all of the DNA was the same. Although a lot of the classes data didn't work. This could have been due to mismeasurements, not having the salt water in your mouth long enough, etc. We didn't have time is class to do this but you could future your investigation by tracking your family history by using your DNA. Another way you could further your investigation is seeing what parts of the world your family is from and finding out where your from. CONCLUSION In conclusion we found out that the members of are class are still evolving. The experiment we did was taking are DNA and testing it to see if there were alu repeats. We put are DNA in a gel to see if we had alu repeats. We observed the gel to see in we had the repeats. The members of are class had minimal lay repeats. ¼ of the people who's experimente worked had an alu repeat. This doesn't mean much because alu repeats are basically just “junk DNA” meaning they don't do much. But this does show us that are class is still evolving because people got different results. Also you could take the DNA are track your family history, but we did not have time to do that in class. REFERENCES Packet with all the information: http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf
PCR: Step by step animation of process: https://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html
Virtual lab with explanation of each step: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/pcr/
Gel Electrophoresis: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/gelelectrophoresis.html
content
Evolution - The very slow process in which a living species' traits can change and adapt to its circumstance through heredity, genetic mutations, and natural selection. Genetic Variation - Diversity in the genes of a population, a large factor of evolution. Natural Selection= organisms evolve through variation in genes, competition with others, survival, and reproduction adaptation- an inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival survival of the fittest- the individuals most suited to their environment survive microevolution- small scale evolutionary changes macroevolution- large scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time Genetic Variation= random variation of traits/genes in a population Speciation=Speciation is the process by which a new species is formed. All of the other speciation terms fall under this general umbrella term Allopatric Speciation= one species turns to two because the original population was separated Sympatric Speciation= one species in an area splits to two that inhabit the same space Reproductive Isolation= two species in the same area that cannot interbreed (or if they did, offspring would be infertile) Geographic Isolation= separation of breeding groups by physical barrier Temporal Isolation= species cannot breed because of different mating times Behavioral Isolation= Behavioral isolation happens when a section of a population living in an area develop a set of behaviors that make them not desirable to breed with. Founders Effect= portion of original population goes to different area and develops into a new species Direct Ancestor=A direct ancestor is a species that a specie is directly descended from. This means that the current specie can trace its lineage to that previous specie. An example would be that your great grandmother is a direct ancestor of you. Finding a direct ancestor of a specie can help explain how those species evolved, the environment, and other information cladogram- a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
Reflection
On this project I felt like I was a good at collaboration, and listening to other group members ideas.For example me and my partner for the species timeline project are close friend so we communicate, worked, and collaborated very well together. A new skill I learned from this lab was how to effectively work I. A lab and write reports and such. Before this project I had never done a full lab report so that was a new important skill i learned. I felt like I could have improved on time management and tried to stay on task and get distracted less often. I also felt like I could have done a better job at doing deeper research and not just skimming the top layer. For this project I understood the project and got all the concepts but that's it. I did not go into deep detail or do any interesting research on the subject.